@article { author = {zeynali, mohammad and maleki zanjni, bahram and Moradi, Parviz and shekari, farid}, title = {Effects of field capacity based-irrigation levels on physiological and agronomic characteris-tics of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.)}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {1-20}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.120804.1258}, abstract = {Introduction: Cucurbita pepo belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses which is limited planting in most farming land in Iran that limits produce agriculture products. Development of crops for enhanced drought resistance, among other things, requires the knowledge of physiological mechanisms and genetic control of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. Materials and Methods: For investigation the impact of duration of drought stress on several physiological parameters in four varieties of medicinal pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), an experiment was conducted as spilt – spilt plot based on a complete randomized block design (RCBD) with three replications. The effects of water stress in five levels (S1 or control, S2 or irrigation in 75% of Field Capacity (FC), S3 or irrigation in 50% FC, S4 or irrigation in 25% FC and S5 or without irrigation (rainfed)) as main plot, four varieties that cultured in multiple points of Iran ((V1 or unknown variety from Khoy, V2 or unknown variety from Isfahan, V3 or unknown variety from Zanjan and V4 or var. Styriaca) as sub plot and during of drought stress in twelve weeks as sub subplot were considered. But for facility in analysis, only four weeks were considered. Results and Discussion: The results showed that for almost parameters, four varieties were not showed statistically differences. Since, pumpkin is not native plant in Iran, it seems these varieties have a similar genetically origin. Our results show that with increasing watering stress, seed and fruit yield and their component were reduced. Findings indicated that Relative Water Content (RWC) decreased with drought stress increasing that was agree with previous studies. In our study, total exchange gas in all four varieties when they were imposed to drought stress were changed. One of the first responses of plants to drought is stomatal closure, restricting gas exchange between the atmosphere and the inside of the leaf. The drought stress resulted in reduction of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. A reason for chlorophyll content reduction is that drought stress enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such asO2 − andH2O2 that can lead to lipid peroxidation and, consequently, chlorophyll degradation (Tatrai et al., 2016). Proline contents were increased under drought stress. The proline accumulation during the stress helps the plant to reduce the oxidative destruction and it is necessary to be survived under drought stress (Verbruggen and Hermans, 2008). Our study revealed that with increasing drought stress, seed protein (%) was increased. Soluble sugar with increasing drought stress was increased. Increasing of soluble sugars during stress can be attributed to the stop of growth or synthesis in these compounds from non-photosynthesis routes (Ghorbanali, 2003). Conclusion: Results showed that in most traits such as fruit yield, RWC, photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and carotenoids, under normal condition ‘Isfahan’ unknown variety, had the better status between other varieties in control condition. It might be stated that with increasing duration and levels of drought stress, due to keep photosynthetically conditions reduction in this variety in most traits was less than other varieties. Since, there were no significantly drought stress effects on varieties, thus we can say that “Isfahan” unknown variety is superior variety in the experiment and this variety has the capacity to introduced in Zanjan region.}, keywords = {Drought Stress,Proline.Pumpkin,Soluble sugar,Seed protein}, title_fa = {اثر سطوح آبیاری بر اساس ظرفیت زراعی بر صفات فیزیولوژیکی و زراعی چهار رقم کدوی پوست کاغذی(Cucurbita pepo L.)}, abstract_fa = {کمبود آب یک عامل بازدارنده مهم محیطی برای دسترسی به عملکرد مطلوب در گیاهان است. برای بررسی اثر مدت زمان وقوع تنش خشکی بر روی برخی فاکتورها در ارقام مختلف کدوی پوست کاغذی ( Cucurbita pepo L. )، مطالعه‌ای بر پایه آزمایش اسپیلت اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی (RCBD) با سه تکرار در مزرعه ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان زنجان واقع در خیرآباد در بهار و تابستان 1395 انجام پذیرفت. اثرات تنش خشکی در پنج سطح بعنوان پلات اصلی، چهار رقم بعنوان پلات فرعی و هفته‌های تنش خشکی بعنوان پلات فرعی- فرعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. جهت تعیین میزان ظرفیت زراعی مزرعه از روش منحنی رطوبتی خاک استفاده گردید . در این مطالعه میزان کلروفیل a، b و کارتنوئیدها، میزان پرولین، محتوای نسبی آب برگ (RWC)، میزان پروتئین موجود در دانه و میزان قندهای محلول همراه عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تنش خشکی بر روی میزان قندهای محلول، درصد پروتئین دانه‌ها، تجمع پرولین برگ‌ها، میزان کلروفیل و کاروتنوئیدها اثر معنی‌دار دارد. با این حال، بالاترین عملکرد دانه و میوه در آبیاری کامل در رقم استریاکا به ترتیب با 825 و 15430 کیلوگرم در هکتار و کمترین میزان در شرایط دیم و در رقم اصفهان به ترتیب با 680 و 2758 کیلوگرم در هکتار بدست آمد. با این حال، با توجه به نتایج حاصل، به نظر می‌رسد رقم چمع‌آوری شده از منطقه اصفهان انتخاب خوبی برای کشت در مناطقی با تنش ملایم خشکی از قبیل زنجان باشد.}, keywords_fa = {پروتئین دانه,قندهای محلول,پرولین,تنش خشکی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117784.html}, eprint = {} } @article { author = {Barzali, Mohammad and Dinkou, Fatemeh and Angadji, Seyyed javad and Delkhoosh, Babak}, title = {Investigating interaction effect of different tillage methods, soil initial moisture level and trifluralin herbicide application time on weed control and cotton yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.)}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {21-49}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.120565.1247}, abstract = {This study was set up as a factorial split block design in RCBD layout with 4 replications at a research farm in south east of Ali Abad Katool district in 2013 to investigate different tillage methods (T), soil initial moisture (M) and trifluralin application (W) effects on weed control and cotton lint yield. The main factors were two tillage methods (disk plow (T1) and moldboard plow (T2)) in a factorial combination with two soil moisture levels at 24 cm soil depth (12-14% (M1) and 17-19% (M2)). The sub-factor consisted of six trifluralin herbicide application times (hand hoeing (W1), PPI application of trifluralin at 1.5 lit/ha rate at the time of the first irrigation plus the herbicide application rate of 1 lit/ha with irrigation (herbigation) six weeks after planting (W2), PPI trifluralin application at 1.5 lit/ha and the application at 1 lit/ha with soil incorporation by cultivator six weeks after planting (W3), trifluralin application at 2.5 lit/ha after planting and prior to irrigation (W4) PPI application of trifluralin at 2.5 lit/ha with soil incorporation(W5) and check treatment where no weed control was undertaken (W6)). The data from the experiment were subjected to variance analysis using SAS statistical software and means were compared with least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level.The results indicated significant differences amongst the main effects of treatments and their interaction for many of the measured traits in cotton. Slicing of interactions of soil initial moisture in each tillage level indicated that majority of difference between soil initial moisture levels was related to their response to tillage type and M2 in comparison to M1 was significantly superior in secondary mean weight diameter of soil aggregate, weed control efficiency (WCE) at the 4th and 8th week after planting as well as boll numbers per plant under disk plow. Dheyab (2017) reported that with increasing soil moisture and reducing the size of soil aggregates up to 30 cm depth, the effectiveness of chemicals in weed control increased significantly. Meanwhile it must be noted the existence of more soil moisture content in moldboard plows plots creates a wet and homogeneous substrate with high seed contact with soil that allows seeds to quickly germinate, leading to the uniform emergence of cotton seedlings. Under different M levels, W5 treatment resulted in the highest WCE and total lint yield in the 4th week since planting as compared to W2 and W3. The most significant and positive correlation coefficients among the studied traits was found between total lint yield and WCE at the 4th week after platning (R2=0.88**) and WCE at the 8th week after platning (R2=0.85**). The highest total lint yield was produced by W5 in different trifluralin application levels. In current study, among the different treatments, T2M2W5 with 3730 kg/ha gave the highest lint yield, which had no significant difference with treatments involving hand hoeing under different tillage types and soil initial moisture levels.}, keywords = {Ability to withstand competition,mean weight diameter of soil aggregate,weed control efficiency,yield loss}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر برهم‌کنش روش خاک‌ورزی، رطوبت اولیه خاک و زمان مصرف علف‌کش‌ تری‌فلورآلین بر کنترل علف‌های هرز و عملکرد پنبه (Gossypium hirsutum L.)}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه در قالب آزمایش کرت‌های نواری به‌منظور بررسی تاثیرات برهمکنش عوامل خاک‌ورزی، میزان رطوبت اولیه خاک و زمان‌های مصرف علف‌کش‌ تری‌فلورآلین بر کنترل علف‌های هرز و عملکرد وش پنبه، در 4 تکرار در مزرعه‌آزمایشی در جنوب شرقی شهرستان علی‌آباد کتول استان گلستان در سال 1392 اجراء گردید. عوامل عمودی عبارت بودند از خاک‌ورزی در دو سطح استفاده از گاو آهن بشقابی و گاوآهن برگردان‌دار و رطوبت اولیه خاک تا عمق 24 سانتمیتری در دو سطح 12-14 و17-19 درصد، و عامل افقی را زمان مصرف علف‌کش تری‌فلورآلین از ماده تجاری 48 درصد در شش سطح: وجین دستی در طول دوره رشد گیاه پنبه، مصرف 5/1 لیتر در هکتار در زمان آبیاری اولیه قبل از کاشت و 1 لیتر همراه با اولین آب‌آبیاری در هفته ششم پس از کاشت، مصرف 5/1 لیتر در هکتار قبل از کاشت و 1 لیتر در هفته ششم پس از کاشت و اختلاط با خاک به‌وسیله کولتیواتور، مصرف 5/2 لیتر در هکتار پس از کاشت و قبل از ‌آبیاری و مصرف 5/2 لیتر در هکتار قبل از کاشت و مخلوط با خاک، و بدون کنترل تشکیل داد. برش‌دهی برهم کنش رطوبت اولیه خاک در هر سطح خاک‌ورزی نشان داد که تفاوت عمده بین سطوح مختلف رطوبت اولیه خاک به واکنش آن‌ها به نوع خاک‌ورزی اعمال شده بر می‌گشت و در سطح رطوبتی 17-19 درصد برتری معنی‌داری از نظر قطر متوسط وزنی ثانویه کلوخه، نسبت به سطح رطوبتی 12-14 درصد تحت خاک ورزی با گاوآهن بشقابی وجود داشت.}, keywords_fa = {راندمان کنترل علف‌های هرز,شاخص توانایی تحمل رقابت,قطر متوسط وزنی کلوخه,کاهش عملکرد}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117856.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117856_80ae58cf51131801f7f450757960954b.pdf} } @article { author = {Pirdashti, Hemmatollah and Aghaeipour, Niloofar and Zavareh, Mohsen and Asadi, Hossein and Bahmanyar, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Evaluation of spatial variability of some soil chemical and physical properties in Foumanat Plain paddies using geostatistic methods}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {50-71}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.116019.1206}, abstract = {Background and objectives: Since the soil is considered as the most important source of nutrients, understanding the spatial variation and geographical distribution patterns of nutrients is crucial for the proper management and the right application of fertilizers. Nowadays, soil management based on spatial variability of soil properties in crop growth is necessary (Morales et al, 2011; Bijanzadeh et al, 2014). However, accurate estimates of soil properties in all areas are not time and cost effective. Therefore, interpolation is a suitable solution to estimate not sampled areas. There are different techniques for predicting the soil characteristics in not sampled areas such as geostatistics (Mohammadi, 2007). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of some soil paddy fields in Foumanat, Guilan province using the geostatistics technique. Materials and methods: The present study was performed in Foumanat plain during two cropping seasons of 2013 and 2014. Soil samples were taken from 45 fields and geographic coordinates were recorded. Soil properties including electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, organic matter, pH, clay, silt, sand were measured. Interpolating of variables were investigated with kriging (KG) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) methods with power one to five. The best interpolation method was selected using evaluating statistics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Results: Results indicated that electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, pH and silt fitted by an exponential model while two parameters of organic matter and sand along with clay were fitted by the spherical and Gaussian models, respectively. High determination coefficients for sand, clay and electrical conductivity were 0.95, 0.83 and 0.80, respectively. According to the calculated variograms, electrical conductivity and sand exhibited a medium spatially structured variability whereas highly structured variability was observed for soil CEC, organic matter, pH, clay and silt. Least nugget effect among the studied variables was allocated to CEC, organic matter and sand. The results showed that the IDW method provided more accurate and less error for CEC, organic matter, pH and silt in the study area as compared to the kriging method. Moreover, there were not differences between the two methods of IDW and kriging in terms of electrical conductivity, clay and sand parameters. Conclusion: Overall, the fertility of paddy fields was statistically different. The most coefficient of variation (CV) from 15 to 24 percent, the average variation were found in electrical conductivity, sand and clay while the amount of CV in the cation exchange capacity, organic matter, pH and silt were recorded lower than 15% (low diversity). In the studied characteristics, two types of medium and strong structures were observed. In general, the results of this study can be used to estimate the fertility and physical and chemical characteristics of rice farms. Therefore, these results could help to adopt crop improvement methods including crop choice and site-specific fertilizer recommendations to optimum management of inputs and sustainable production.}, keywords = {Geostatistics,Interpolation,Paddy,Semivariogram,soil texture}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تغییرپذیری مکانی برخی از خصوصیات شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک در شالیزار های دشت فومنات با استفاده از زمین آمار}, abstract_fa = {این پژوهش به‌منظور ارزیابی تغییرات مکانی برخی از خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمایی خاک 45 شالیزار دشت فومنات، در دو سال زراعی 92-1391 و 93-1392 اجرا شد.پس از تهیه نمونه‌های خاک از مزارع کشاورزان، مختصات جغرافیایی نمونه‌ها ثبت و ویژگی‌هایی از قبیل هدایت الکتریکی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، ماده آلی، اسیدیته، رس، سیلت و شن خاک اندازه-گیری شدند. درون‌یابی ویژگی‌های خاک با دو روش کریجینگ و وزن‌دهی عکس فاصله (با پارامتر نمایی یک تا پنج) انجام و بهترین تخمینگر با استفاده از سه معیار میانگین قدر مطلق خطا، میانگین خطای انحراف و مجذور مجموع مربعات باقیمانده انتخاب شد.با توجه به سمی واروگرام های محاسبه شده، ویژگی‌های هدایت الکتریکی، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، اسیدیته و سیلت از مدل نمایی، ویژگی ماده آلی و شن از مدل کروی و درصد رس از مدل گوسی پیروی نمود. مقادیر ضریب تبیین بالا در شن، رس و هدایت الکتریکی به‌ترتیب برابر با 0/95، 0/83و 0/80 مشاهده شد. ویژگی‌های ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، ماده آلی، اسیدیته، رس و سیلت خاک دارای پیوستگی مکانی متوسط و تنها دو ویژگی هدایت الکتریکی و شن دارای پیوستگی مکانی قوی بودند. در این پژوهش،روش وزن‌دهی عکس فاصله در مقایسه با کریجینگ در ویژگی‌های ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی، ماده آلی، اسیدیته و سیلت دارای دقت بیشتر و خطای کمتری بود.از طرفی، اختلاف زیادی بین دو روش وزن‌دهی عکس فاصله و کریجینگ در ویژگی‌های هدایت الکتریکی، رس و شن مشاهده نشد. در مجموع، نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند برای ارزیابی مکانی شالیزار‌های دشت فومنات در جهت انتخاب ارقام مناسب، مدیریت مناسب کودی و بهینه‌سازی عملکرد برنج استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {بافت خاک,درون یابی,زمین آمار,شالیزار,نیم تغییر نما}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117898.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_117898_1b03666bbcbc2e42395482cea82011ee.pdf} } @article { author = {Hesam Arefi, Iman and Saffari, Mehri and Moradi, Rooholla}, title = {Effect of different planting dates on growth attributes, grain yield and protein content of three wheat cultivars in Kerman}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {72-89}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.115369.1189}, abstract = {IntroductionWinter wheat is the most important staple food crops in the country, with a total farming area of nearly 6.33 million ha and a production exceeding 14 million ton in 2015. Wheat is a thermo-sensitive crop, and change in air temperature may alter the length of its growing period and subsequently grain yield (Chattaraj et al., 2014). Wheat reproductive period duration is determined by a combination of planting date and variety (Wang et al., 2015). Extreme weather events, such as spring heat stress, can have substantial impacts on crop growth and grain yield. Therefore, improving tolerance to high temperature stresses during flowering and grain filling is great significance to wheat production. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of planting date and variety management strategies on winter wheat production in Kerman.Material and MethodsIn order to investigate the response of three common cultivars of wheat to various planting dates in Kerman region, the two-factor experiment was set up in a Split-plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications to assess the growth, yield and morphological traits of three different varieties of irrigated wheat with different maturity length at different planting dates (20 October, 5 November and 20 November). These varieties included early maturing (Mihan), medium maturity (Arg) and late maturity (Omid). According to the local soil test recommendations, basal doses of 220 kg ha-1 Urea and 100 kg ha-1 Triple Super Phosphate were incorporated into the soil. As soon as the seeds were sown, irrigation continued every 10 days. Experimental field soil in the 0-30 cm depth was silty loam with pH 7.2, containing total N (0.071 %), total P (21 ppm), and total K (348 ppm) with an EC of 2.69 ds m-1.Results and discussionCombined analysis of variance showed that planting date had a significant effect on plant height, number of grain per spike, length of growth period, grain and biological yield. 1000 grain weight, leaf area index, harvest index and grain protein contents were not affected by planting date. The highest plant height (112 cm) and length of growth period (206 days) were obtained at the first planting date (20 October). The cultivation of wheat on 15th November produced the highest number of grain per spike (32.71), biological yield (14.45 t ha-1) and grain (5.16 t ha-1). The effect of variety on all the traits except 1000-grain weight was significant. Omid cultivar had the highest plant height (134 cm) and growth period (209 days). The others of the studied traits were significantly higher in Mihan variety than Arg and Omid varieties. For example, grain yield in the Mihan, Arg and Omid was 6.33, 4.7 and 4.63 t ha-1, respectively. The interaction of planting date and variety showed that the highest grain yield for Omid (4.99 t ha-1) was produced in the first planting date (20 October) and in Arg (4.3 t ha-1) and Omid (6.27 t ha-1) was obtained to the second planting date (5 November). The lowest grain yield of all the three varieties was assigned to the third planting date (20 November). The grain protein contents varied from 10.11 to 11.61%, which the highest value was gained in Omid variety, cultivated on 20 November. The period centered on anthesis constituting the most sensitive stage of wheat to high temperature (Eyshi Rezaei et al., 2015). The observed sensitivity of wheat yields to high temperatures has been attributed to accelerated development, reduced photosynthesis and the direct impacts on reproductive processe). The negative correlation between high temperature around reproductive stage and reduced grain numbers, with significant negative impacts on grain yield was previously illustrated. A threshold temperature of 31° C for wheat is generally accepted as an upper limit to temperature near flowering without reductions in grain yield (Porter and Gawith, 1999). Planting the short maturity variety allows the wheat to escape the hot weather and led to non-coincidence of the reproductive stage with high temperature especially in future climate conditions.ConclusionIn general, the best planting date for Omid variety is October 30, and for Arg and Mihan varieties is proposed the 5 November.}, keywords = {Spike,Growth period,Early maturity,LAI,phenology}, title_fa = {اثر تاریخ های مختلف کاشت بر خصوصیات رشدی، عملکرد و پروتئین دانه سه رقم گندم در کرمان}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی واکنش سه رقم رایج گندم در منطقه کرمان به تاریخ های مختلف کاشت آزمایشی به صورت کرت‏های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان طی دو سال زراعی 95-93 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل تاریخ های کاشت ( 30 مهر، 15 آبان و اول آذر) به عنوان عامل اصلی و ارقام گندم امید (دیررس)، ارگ (میان رس) و میهن (زودرس) به عنوان عامل فرعی بود. تجزیه واریانس مرکب داده‏ها نشان داد که تاریخ کاشت تاثیر معنی داری بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، تعداد دانه در سنبله، طول دوره رشد، عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک داشت. وزن هزار دانه، شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص برداشت و درصد پروتئین دانه تحت تاثیر تاریخ کاشت قرار نگرفت. بالاترین ارتفاع بوته (112 سانتیمتر) و طول دوره رشد (206 روز)در تاریخ کاشت اول (30 مهر) بدست آمد. کشت گندم در 15 آبان بیشترین تعداد دانه در سنبله (71/32)، عملکرد بیولوژیک (45/14 تن در هکتار) و دانه (16/5 تن در هکتار) را تولید کرقام میان رس ارگ (3/4 تن در هکتار) و زودرس میهن (27/6 تن در هکتار) در تاریخ کاشت دوم (15 آبان) بدست آمد. کمترین عملکرد دانه هر سه رقم در تاریخ کاشت سوم (1 آذر) حاصل شد. میزان پروتئین دانه از 11/10 تا 70/11 درصد متفاوت بود که بیشترین میزان در رقم امید کشت شده در اول آذر حاصل شد. بطورکلی، بهترین تاریخ کاشت برای رقم امید 30 مهر و برای ارقام ارگ و میهن 15 آبان تعیین شد.}, keywords_fa = {دوره رشد,زودرس,سنبله,شاخص سطح برگ,فنولوژی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118013.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118013_fe3ce69bbd15dacf18df7f9e0c6178e4.pdf} } @article { author = {sharifi- alhosseini, mohammad and Taherian, M.}, title = {Identification of drought tolerant barley genotypes (Hordeum vulgare L.) using drought tolerance indices}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {90-105}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2019.121794.1293}, abstract = {Drought stress affects 40-60% of agricultural lands all over the world(Bray, 2002). Having 240 mm precipitation, Iran is located in arid and semi-arid parts of the word. Due to shortage of rainfall in Iran, a big share of crop breeding is devoted to drought tolerance. It has been resulted in stable varieties. Although barley is more tolerant to drought stresscompared to other cereals, however it is susceptible to moisture shortage during tillering and grain formation which would result in yield losses (Nevo and Chen, 2010). Introduction: Yield is the most direct index for evaluation of response to stress. Although grain yield is affected by environmental factors but it is an index to evaluate response of cereals to environmental stress. The propose of drought tolerant genotypes is to provide relatively tolerant varieties so that showing less yield losses compared to other genotypes. Different yield based indices have been suggested. All these indices consider yield under two condition that is stress and no stress (Fernandez, 1992). Material and methods: twenty varieties and promising lines of barley were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replication under two irrigation conditions (normal and water lack after 50% of ear emergence).The experiment was carried out at research station of Torogh for two years. Farm preparation, cultivation and sowing were implemented as standard protocol for experiment. Under normal condition, 3-4 irrigation ere applied according to crop water demand while irrigation was cut after 50% of ear emergence under stress condition. Stress tolerance indices were calculated based on two years means which areMP, GMP, STI, SSI, TOL, YI, YSI, RDI. Data were analyzed and Duncan mean comparison as done (SAS 9.1.3.).Biplot analysis was adopted by GEA-R software. Result and discussion: applying GIBplot based on studied indices made it easy to compare genotypes. There was no significant difference between yield correlations under normal and stress conditions. Genotype*environment interaction was significant over two years of experiments which shows provoking high level of stress. Blum (1999) and Panthuwan et al. (2002), belived that potential yield could only affect yield under normal condition or low stress but under highly stress, genotype*environment interaction would significantly decide level of crop yield.Biplot correlation equations could explain relation between grain yield and calculated indices where GMP, MP and STI were the best ones under both conditions. Lines 6, 20 and 15 were identified as superior gentypes based on GIBplot polygon. Keeping in view both yield and stability adopting GGEBIplot same results were obtained. Line 6 was ideal genotype in biplot. Results showed that GIBplot and GGEBiplot were suitable methods for identifying superior genotypes based on biplot indices considering both yield and stability.}, keywords = {tolerance indices,GGEbiplot,GGIbiplot,interaction genotype &Environment}, title_fa = {شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های برتر متحمل خشکی جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) با استفاده از شاخص‌های تحمل به تنش}, abstract_fa = {خشکی حدود 40 تا 60% اراضی کشاورزی دنیا را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. ایران با متوسط نزولات آسمانی 240 میلی متر در زمره مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک دنیا قرار می گیرد. به منظور شناسایی بهترین شاخص های تحمل تنش و سپس گزینش برترین ژنوتیپ های جو، این آزمایش با تعداد 20 رقم و لاین امیدبخش جو در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دو شرایط ( آبیاری نرمال و قطع آبیاری بعد از 50% سنبله دهی) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی طرق به مدت دو سال مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. شاخص‌هایتحملتنشبااستفادهازمیانگیندوسالهعملکرددرهرمحیطمحاسبه شدند که عبارت بودند از MP, GMP, STI,SSI, TOL, YI, YSI, RDI. بررسی همبستگی بین شاخص ها و عملکرد دانه در دو محیط تنش و بدون تنش با استفاده از نمودار بای پلات ، نشان داد که شاخص های MP,GMP و STI بهترین شاخص ها جهت شناسایی ژنوتیپ های برتر در دو محیط آزمایش بودند. همچنین بر اساس چند ضلعی GIBiplot لاین های 6، 20 و 15 برترین ژنوتیپ ها شناخته شدند. بررسی همزمان عملکرد و پایداری ژنوتیپ ها با استفاده از GGEBiplot بر اساس عملکرد دانه در مجموع دو شرایط نیز نشان داد که ژنوتیپ های 6، 15 و 20 با داشتن عملکرد و پایداری بالا بهترین ژنوتیپ ها بودند. همچنین لاین شماره 6 در بای پلات تعیین ژنوتیپ ایده ال به عنوان ژنوتیپ برتر شناخته شد.}, keywords_fa = {اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ و محیط,جو,شاخص های تنش,GGEbiplot,GGIbiplot}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118353.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118353_de90bd476c3442afcd887b48667032c1.pdf} } @article { author = {Mohammadian, Rahim and Yosefabadi, V. A. and Ahmadi, Masoud and Fotouhi, Kayvan}, title = {The Study of response of some sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivars to water deficit irrigation and rhizomania disease under field conditions}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {106-128}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.122431.1315}, abstract = {Water deficit and Rhizomania disease are two major obstacles in reducing yields in the sugar beet fields of Iran. Each year, various commercial varieties which have different kinds of resistance to disease, especially Rhizomania, are distributed to the sugar beet growers. Due to complexity of drought tolerance, development of drought tolerant varieties takes time and the progress is very slowly, so the introduction and use of high yielding varieties among these current varieties under less water conditions can be effective in reducing water consumption. In order to reach this goal, the reaction of 30 commercial varieties to low irrigation and Rhizomania reaction, was investigated in 2016 and 2017 in non-infected (Karaj) and infected (Mashhad and Miandoab) fields using a randomized complete block design. The irrigation method was furrow and irrigation periods, after two initial water for germination, was based on evaporation of 180 mm from the class A evaporation pan. Color, wilting and leaf senescence scores were evaluated in the middle of the growth season as well as the severity of disease to Rhizomania at harvest time. Root yield and sugar content were analyzed at harvest time. Water use efficiency (WUE) and superiority index (Pi) were calculated and evaluated. In these experiments, about 30% of water consumption decreased compared to control farms (irrigation based on evaporation of 80 mm from the class A evaporation pan.) .Aanalysis of variance showed that variety effect on sugar yield and water use efficiency (WUE) was significant (P˂ 0.01). It was confirmed that, in sugar beet, variety differences for water use efficiency are mainly due to differences in potential yield. The results showed that the ranking of the varieties differed in terms of the amount of sugar yield in infected conditions with non-infected conditions. In case of infection, the leaf color score and the severity index of the disease with sugar yield had a significant positive (R2= 0.44) and negative (R2= 0.39) correlation (P˂ 0.01), respectively. In non-infected conditions, the wilting and senescence score had a negative and significant correlation with sugar yield (r= -0.45* and -0.42*, respectively). However, in infected conditions with the disease, the correlation of sugar yield with the wilting score and leaf aging was negative but respectively, was not significant (r= -0.20, P> 0.05) and significant (r= -0.52, P}, keywords = {"Low irrigation"," Rhizomania","Sugar beet","Superiority index","Water use efficiency"}, title_fa = {بررسی واکنش تعدادی از ارقام چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) به کم آبیاری و بیماری ریزومانیا در شرایط مزرعه}, abstract_fa = {کمبود منابع آب آبیاری و بیماری ریزومانیا دو عامل عمده کاهش عملکرد در مزارع چغندرقند ایران هستند. در این پژوهش واکنش 30 رقم تجارتی چغندرقند نسبت به کم آبیاری و بیماری ریزومانیا در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش آبیاری نشتی و دور آبیاری براساس تبخیر 180 میلی متر از طشتک کلاس A بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر رقم بر عملکرد قند و همچنین بهره‌وری آب مصرفی (WUE) معنی دار بود(P˂ 0.01). نتایج تائید کرد که در چغندرقند اختلافات ژنتیکی در بهره وری مصرف آب، عمدتا بدلیل اختلاف در پتانسیل عملکرد است. همچنین معلوم شد که ترتیب ارقام از نظر مقدار عملکرد قند در شرایط آلوده با شرایط غیر آلوده بایکدیگر تفاوت دارد. در شرایط آلودگی به بیماری نمره رنگ برگ و شاخص شدت بیماری با عملکرد شکر به ترتیب دارای همبستگی مثبت و منفی معنی داری (P˂ 0.01) به ترتیب با ضریب تبین 44/0 و 39/0 بودند. در شرایط غیر آلوده به بیماری نمره پژمردگی و پیری همبستگی منفی و معنی داری (P˂ 0.05) با عملکرد قند داشتند. در حالیکه درشرایط آلوده به بیماری همبستگی عملکرد قند با نمره پژمردگی و پیری برگ منفی ولی به ترتیب غیر معنی دار (P> 0.05) و معنی دار (P˂ 0.01) بود. در بین 30 رقم تجارتی ارقام آنتک، بالو، بی‌تی‌اس233، دورتی، ایزابلا، لاتیتیا، لوریکت، پالما، پرفکتا، شکوفا و توکان از بهره وری مصرف آب آبیاری و عملکرد قند بالا و در عین حال از شاخص برتری مناسبی برخوردار بودند.}, keywords_fa = {"بهره وری مصرف آب","چغندرقند","ریزومانیا","شاخص برتری","کم آبیاری"}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118354.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118354_008af6606925d039db9425cf343d949e.pdf} } @article { author = {Zarin Kaviani, Bahram and Zeidali, Ehsan and Moradi, Rooholla and Zarin Kaviani, Kianoosh}, title = {Evaluation of the effect of integrated weed management on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn, weed density and biomass under Dehloran climatic condition}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {4}, pages = {129-150}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2019.121327.1272}, abstract = {Integrated weed management in corn (Cordona Variety) was studied in an experiment conducted in 2016-2017 growing season in Dehloran region, Ilam provice, Iran. The experiment was performed in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was tillage systems with two levels (tillage (cultivator) and no-tillage), corn density at three levels (65, 75 and 85 thousand plants per hectare) assigned to sub plots, and herbicide applications at two levels (herbicide and no- herbicide) in sub-sub plots. Frequency and density of weeds, dry weight grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight, grain number per ear, protein percent, fiber and ash were measured. Small-flowered nutsedge (5.2 plant m-2), Ground cherry (4.4 plant m-2), and redroot pigweed (6.8 plant m-2) were dominant. Increasing the maize density from 65 to 85 thousand plant m-2 led to reducing 102% and 129% weed density and biomass, respectively. Results showed that weed density and biomass reduced by inter-row tillage system. The highest grain yield (5720 kg ha-1) was assigned to the highest maize density + herbicide + tillage treatments. Inter-row tillage increased 17% biological yield of maize than non-tillage. The highest protein content of grain (9.78%) was obtained at 75000 plant m-2 density using herbicide. Fiber and ash percentage were higher at higher densities and application of tillage and herbicide. Integrated weed management in corn (Cordona Variety) was studied in an experiment conducted in 2016-2017 growing season in Dehloran region, Ilam provice, Iran. The experiment was performed in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was tillage systems with two levels (tillage (cultivator) and no-tillage), corn density at three levels (65, 75 and 85 thousand plants per hectare) assigned to sub plots, and herbicide applications at two levels (herbicide and no- herbicide) in sub-sub plots. Frequency and density of weeds, dry weight grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight, grain number per ear, protein percent, fiber and ash were measured. Small-flowered nutsedge (5.2 plant m-2), Ground cherry (4.4 plant m-2), and redroot pigweed (6.8 plant m-2) were dominant. Increasing the maize density from 65 to 85 thousand plant m-2 led to reducing 102% and 129% weed density and biomass, respectively. Results showed that weed density and biomass reduced by inter-row tillage system. The highest grain yield (5720 kg ha-1) was assigned to the highest maize density + herbicide + tillage treatments. Inter-row tillage increased 17% biological yield of maize than non-tillage. The highest protein content of grain (9.78%) was obtained at 75000 plant m-2 density using herbicide. Fiber and ash percentage were higher at higher densities and application of tillage and herbicide.}, keywords = {Inter-row tillage,herbicide,plant density,Ash,protein}, title_fa = {بررسی مدیریت تلفیقی علفهای هرز بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی ذرت دانه ای و تراکم وتنوع علفهای هرز در شرایط اقلیمی دهلران}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی مدیریت تلفیقی گیاهان هرز ذرت دانه ای (رقم کوردنا) ، آزمایشی به صورت کرت های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 96- 1395 در شرق شهرستان دهلران استان ایلام اجرا شد. کرت های اصلی، شامل دو سطح خاک ورزی (خاک ورزی (کولتیواتور) و عدم خاک ورزی)، کرت های فرعی شامل سه سطح تراکم (65 ، 75 و 85 هزار بوته در متر مربع) و کرت های فرعی-فرعی شامل دو سطح علف کش(پاشش و عدم پاشش) بود. فراوانی و تراکم گیاهان هرز، تعداد و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، وزن صد دانه، تعداد دانه در بلال و صفات کیفی درصد پروتئین، فیبر و خاکستر اندازه‌گیری شد. مشاهده شد اویار سلام (2/5 بوته در متر مربع)، عروسک پشت پرده (4/4 بوته در متر مربع) و تاج خروس ریشه قرمز (8/6 بوته در متر مربع) گیاهان هرز غالب در مزرعه آزمایشی بودند. افزایش تراکم ذرت از 65 تا 85 هزار بوته باعث کاهش 102 درصدی تعداد و 129 درصدی وزن خشک علف‌های هرز شد. اعمال خاکورزی بین خطوط کشت نیز باعث کاهش تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (5720 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار استفاده از علف‏کش و شخم در بالاترین تراکم به‏دست آمد. خاکورزی بین ردیف های کاشت باعث افزایش 17 درصدی عملکرد بیولوژیک ذرت نسبت به عدم خاکورزی شد. ب}, keywords_fa = {تراکم بوته,خاکورزی بین خطوط,علف‌کش,پروتئین,خاکستر}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118352.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_118352_23ea4704a537507ea44451cb405d208b.pdf} }