@article { author = {Azizi, Heydar and Aalami, Ali and Esfahani, Masoud and Ebadi, Ali Akbar}, title = {Evaluation of genetic diversity in some of Iranian and foreign rice genetic resources based on morphological traits}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.101495.1018}, abstract = {Introduction Rice is the major staple food in Asia and provides 45%– 70% of total caloric intake in many rice-consuming countries (Dato Seri, 2003). The genetic diversity in the rice germplasm is quite large in comparison to other crop species (Roy et al., 2014). Gaining a full understanding of the nature and the extent of diversity in the germplasm is of high importance for different plant breeding programs since despite the increased level of diversity, the range of the selection has expanded and also parents with different genetic materials produce hybrids with greater heterosis, which consequently raises the probability of obtaining superior segregated progenies (Transgressive segregation). Given the importance of rice for food and its strategic position in the global food security, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the diversity of its germplasm to achieve high yield performance, quality and other important economic and agronomic traits. Materials and Methods In this study, 121 native and exotic rice cultivars including 23 domestic cultivars, 26 improved Iranian lines and 62 improved exotic lines were evaluated to determine the degree of genetic relationship among them based on a simple lattice design (11×11) with two replications. 12 agronomically important traits including days to 50% flowering, number of tiller, plant height, panicle length, leaf length, leaf width, number of filled grain and unfilled grain, grain length and width, 100-grain weight and grain yield were measured. The genotypes were evaluated under field condition at the experimental farm of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Iran (37º16΄N, 49º36΄E) in 2014. Numerical values for all the morphological traits were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS program. The effects of genotype on the level of each trait were assessed by two-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences between means were identified and separated by a Duncan’s test. Results and Discussion The results showed that relative efficiency of lattice design over randomized complete block design (RCBD) for the most of the measured traits was less than 1%, therefore, variance and expected value of mean square were estimated based on the RCBD design. Analysis of variance illustrated a significant difference between the studied genotypes for all the traits at the 0.01 probability level. Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation for most traits were high, indicating great variability in the evaluated traits. The highest and lowest genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were respectively related to unfilled grain and panicle length. The medium value of these coefficients were associated with plant height and tiller number. No significant differences were observed for the genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation of the most of the studied traits, indicating that the traits were not greatly affected by the environmental changes. Diverse rice germplasm needs a rational use with a better knowledge of its characteristics. The presented morphological traits in our study demonstrated diversity within and among the studied rice genotypes. This rice germplasm which encompassed a wide range of genetic background and ecologically distinct regions probably contained greater genetic diversity as a result of divergent selection pressure. The factor analysis presented three factors that explained 90% of total variation and according to the factors loading were named related to grain number, plant type and structure and drain dimension, respectively. Cluster analysis results based on Ward's minimum variance and Euclidean distance criteria grouped the cultivars in five main groups that the number of groups was confirmed based on discriminant function analysis and analysis of variance for groups. Conclusion The high genetic variability observed in the studied genotypes was based on the assessment of the morphological traits. Morphological characteristics are reliable in the evaluation of genetic variation of rice germplasm. Therefore, the assessed morphological traits of these rice germplasms could provide a performance basis for the selection of potential genotypes for further use in different rice breeding programs (Lestari et al., 2016). Finally, our results indicated that the important agronomic traits in rice can be improved by selecting different cultivars from the genotypes of the first and fifth group and a targeted crossing among them, which will allow to obtain pure and promising lines of rice.}, keywords = {Agronomic and morphologic traits,Genetic variation,rice}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تنوع بخشی از ذخایر ژنتیکی برنج ایرانی و خارجی بر اساس صفات مورفولوژیک}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به اهمیّت غذایی برنج و جایگاه استراتژیک آن در امنیت غذایی جهان، لازم است برای دستیابی به عملکرد بالا، کیفیت مطلوب و سایر صفات مهم اقتصادی و زراعی، ابتدا مطالعات جامعی از تنوع ژرم‌پلاسم این گیاه صورت گیرد. به همین منظور، تعداد 121 رقم از ارقام بومی و خارجی موجود در کلکسیون مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور واقع در رشت در قالب طرح لاتیس ساده 11×11 با دو تکرار با 12 صفت مهم زراعی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که بین ژنوتیپ‌های مورد بررسی از نظر کلیه صفات اختلاف معنی‌داری در سطح احتمال یک درصد وجود دارد. ضرایب تنوع فنوتیپی و ژنوتیپی برای اکثر صفات بالا بود که بیانگر وجود تنوع بالا می‌باشد. تجزیه به عامل‌ها سه عامل را معرفی نمود که 90 درصد از تنوع کل را توجیه نمودند و با توجه به بار عامل‌ها به ترتیب مرتبط با تعداد دانه، تیپ و ساختار گیاه و ابعاد دانه نامگذاری شدند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تجزیه خوشه‌ای مبتنی بر روش حداقل واریانس وارد و معیار فاصله اقلیدسی، ارقام در 5 گروه قرار گرفتند که این تعداد گروه بر اساس تجزیه تابع تشخیص و همچنین تجزیه واریانس صفات برای گروه‌ها نیز مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. شناسایی تنوع فنوتیپی موجود، اطلاعات مفیدی در مدیریت کلکسیون‌ها فراهم می‌آورد و منابع ژنتیکی با ارزشی را در اختیار اصلاح‌گران قرار می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {برنج,تنوع ژنتیکی,صفات زراعی و مورفولوژیک}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116871.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116871_76ab2c35f708f6321dab18589a3fe5bf.pdf} } @article { author = {کریمی, اسماعیل and تدین, علی}, title = {Effect of humic acid on the yield and some morphological characteristic of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought stress conditions}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {19-38}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.105538.1057}, abstract = {In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on the some morphological characteristics, grain yield and oil yield of safflower, an experiment conducted as split plot arrangement based on RCBD design with three replications at the Research Station of Shahrekord University. Main factor include four levels of drought stress (irrigation after 50, 80, 130, and 180 mm evaporation from evaporation pan of class A) and sub factor include four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 3, and 6 lit/ha) were considered. some Agronomic characteristics such as plant height, sub branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, grain yield and oil yield were evaluated. Drought stress and foliar application of humic acid contributed the above mentioned traits. Based on the mean comparison test, drought stress significantly decreased and foliar application of humic acid increased the traits of include plant height, sub branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, grain yield and oil yield. The highest grain and oil yields were 1687 and 393.7 kg / ha respectively in irrigation after 50 mm evaporation. Maximum amount of humic acid solution was 6 liters per hectare, which increased grain yield (9%) and oil yield (20%) than control treatment. Based on the results of this experiment and due to the positive effects of humic acid sprayed on safflower plants, recommended in case of risk of drought stress during the growing season of plants, the positive characteristics of organic matter to increase the vegetative and reproductive growth of safflower given more attention. Key words: water stress, organic matter, foliar application, leaf number, Grain yield. In order to evaluate the effect of drought stress on the some morphological characteristics, grain yield and oil yield of safflower, an experiment conducted as split plot arrangement based on RCBD design with three replications at the Research Station of Shahrekord University. Main factor include four levels of drought stress (irrigation after 50, 80, 130, and 180 mm evaporation from evaporation pan of class A) and sub factor include four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 3, and 6 lit/ha) were considered. some Agronomic characteristics such as plant height, sub branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, grain yield and oil yield were evaluated. Drought stress and foliar application of humic acid contributed the above mentioned traits. Based on the mean comparison test, drought stress significantly decreased and foliar application of humic acid increased the traits of include plant height, sub branch per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, grain yield and oil yield. The highest grain and oil yields were 1687 and 393.7 kg / ha respectively in irrigation after 50 mm evaporation. Maximum amount of humic acid solution was 6 liters per hectare, which increased grain yield (9%) and oil yield (20%) than control treatment. Based on the results of this experiment and due to the positive effects of humic acid sprayed on safflower plants, recommended in case of risk of drought stress during the growing season of plants, the positive characteristics of organic matter to increase the vegetative and reproductive growth of safflower given more attention. Key words: water stress, organic matter, foliar application, leaf number, Grain yield.}, keywords = {Drought Stress,Foliar application,Grain yield,leaf number,Organic Matter}, title_fa = {تاثیر محلول‏پاشی اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات مورفولوژی گیاه گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی تاثیر اسید هیومیک تحت شرایط تنش خشکی بر برخی خصوصیات موفولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن گلرنگ رقم محلی اصفهان، آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام گرفت. فاکتور اصلی این آزمایش شامل چهار سطح مختلف تنش خشکی (آبیاری پس از 50، 80، 130 و 180 میلی‏متر تبخیر آب از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) و فاکتور فرعی شامل محلول‏‏پاشی اسید هیومیک (به میزان صفر، 1، 3 و 6 لیتر در هکتار) بود. صفات مورد ارزیابی در این آزمایش شامل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه فرعی در بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ در بوته، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن بود. تنش خشکی و محلول‏پاشی اسید هیومیک به صورت معنی‏داری بر صفات ذکر شده اثرگذار بودند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از مقایسات میانگین، تنش خشکی سبب کاهش معنی‏دار و محلول‏پاشی اسید هیومیک نیز سبب افزایش معنی‏دار صفات ذکر شده گردیدند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و روغن به ترتیب 1687 و 7/393 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار آبیاری پس از 50 میلی‏متر تبخیر به دست آمد. حداکثر میزان محلول‏پاشی اسید هیومیک 6 لیتر در هکتار بود که سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه (9درصد) و عملکرد روغن (20 درصد) نسبت به تیمار شاهد گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از آزمایش و به دلیل مشاهده اثرات مثبت محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک روی گیاه گلرنگ، توصیه می‏گردد در صورت احتمال بروز تنش‏ خشکی در طول دوره رشد گیاه، به خصوصیات مثبت این ماده آلی جهت افزایش رشد رویشی و زایشی در گیاه گلرنگ توجه بیشتری معطوف گردد.}, keywords_fa = {ماده آلی,تنش خشکی,محلول پاشی,تعداد برگ,عملکرد دانه}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116872.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116872_d35cc361fe7eeab953f02289d39b3b3b.pdf} } @article { author = {Alipour, Akbar and Zahedi, Hossein}, title = {Effect of foliar application of nano iron and manganese chelated on yield and yield component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {39-51}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.115019.1179}, abstract = {Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important and strategic products in the world with 217 million hectares of the world's highest cultivation area and a total production of 651.4 million tons with an average yield of three tons per hectare (Anonymous, 2015) and more than any other product that supplies calories to the world (Ahmadi Lahijani & Emam, 2013). Drought is one of the most important environmental stressors in crop production around the world (Omidi et al., 2012). One of the most important environmental stresses that most plants face is drought stress (Afzal et al., 2006). Fathi Amirkhiz et al. (2010) also observed that the iron absorption and iron concentration increased significantly with iron nitrous oxide compared with iron oxide in wheat. Pahlavan Rad et al (2007) reported an increase of 21% yield in wheat grain in the study of the effect of iron plowing in wheat. Materials & Methods To study the impact of nano iron and manganese chelates foliar application on mitigating the effects of water deficit and foliar application of nano iron and manganese chelated on yield, yield components of wheat an experiment was carried out in 2014-2015 in the Agricultural Research Farm Station of Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran as split plot in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Iron and manganese nano-silicate fertilizers with iron and manganese micro-chelate fertilizers include 11 levels of concentration of 1 in 1,000 nanoclusters of iron (F1), 3 in 1000 nano chelate iron (F2), one and a half per thousand nano chelate of manganese F3), three per thousand nano chelate of manganese (F4), one per thousand nano chelate of iron, one and a half per thousand nano chelate manganese (F5), one per thousand nano chelate of iron and three per thousand nano chelate of manganese (F6), one And half a thousand nanoclat of manganese, and three in a thousand nano chelate iron (F7), three in a thousand nano chelate of iron, three in a thousand nano chelate of manganese (F8), without spraying (F9), purification of pure water (F10), and Recommended micro-fertilizer complex (F11) as a substrate and drought stress At three levels without irrigation cut (S1), irrigation cut off at vegetative stage until a 70% crop was unloaded (S2) and irrigation was discontinued at the reproductive stage until the 70% crop was unloaded (S3) as factor The main one was examined. Results & Discussion The results showed that factors interaction on Seed yield, Spike number, Grain number in spike, Leaf, Shoot and Spike dry weigh and Leaf area (P≤ 0.01). The results of the comparison showed that the highest Seed yield (2611 Kg/ha) and Grain number in spike (number 52 per m2) was obtained the Three in thousand nano-iron and thousands and a half nano- manganese in without stress treatment. According to Movahdi Dehnavi (2001), drought stress at reproductive stage limits the transfer of iron and manganese to grain. The stress in grain filling stage reduces grain yield by reducing the length of the period (Alizadeh et al., 2010). The number of seeds per spike decreases with drought stress and the number of seeds per spike in vegetative stage is more sensitive than the reproductive stage. In fact, drought stress reduces the growth period of vegetative growth. By reducing the length of this period and passing the plant faster than this stage, the number of nodes and the length of the internode decreases in the plant, and subsequently the plant height decreases (Daneshian, 2000). The cause of lower plant height due to water stress can be due to the reduction of thoracic pressure and prolonged cell growth (Upadhyaya and Panda, 2004). Conclusion The results showed that drought stress reduces yield and Application of nano iron fertilizer with magnesium reduces the negative effects of drought stress. Therefore, in case of drought stress by using nano iron and manganese fertilizers to reduce stress.}, keywords = {Plant nutrition,nano iron,manganese chelated,Drought Stress}, title_fa = {اثر محلول‌پاشی نانو کلات آهن و منگنز روی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) تحت شرایط تنش خشکی}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر محلو‌ل‌پاشی نانو کلات آهن و منگنز روی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم تحت شرایط تنش خشکی آزمایش مزرعه‌ای به صورت کرت‌های خردشده با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با فاکتور تنش آبی در گیاه گندم رقم آذر 2 در کرت اصلی و فاکتور کودهای نانو کلات آهن و منگنز به همراه کود میکرو کلات آهن و منگنز در کرت فرعی و در سه تکرار در سال زراعی 94-93 در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس اجرا گردید. نتایج شان داد که برهمکنش تنش خشکی و کود نانو در سطح احتمال یک درصد، عملکرد دانه، تعداد سنبله، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن خشک سنبله، سطح برگ و را تحت تأثیر قرار دادند. نتایج حاصل از مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که تیمار سه در هزار کود نانو آهن و یک و نیم در هزار کود نانو منگنز در زمان بدون تنش بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2611 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و تعداد دانه در سنبله (52 عدد دانه در هر سنبله) را تولید نمود. تعداد سنبله در هر متر مربع با 322 عدد از تیمار بدون تنش با کاربرد نوع کود سه در هزار برای آهن و منگنز حاصل شد. نتایج نشان داد که تنش خشکی عملکرد را کاهش می‌دهد و همچنین کابرد کود نانو آهن به همراه منگنز اثرات منفی تنش خشکی را کاهش می‌دهد لذا در صورت بروز تنش خشکی می‌توان با استفاده از نانو کودهای آهن و منگنز از شدت تنش کاست.}, keywords_fa = {تغذیه گیاه,نانو آهن,نانو منگنز,تنش خشکی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116873.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116873_0a2e3e1a330e3afa91c7ae51d03ccfbf.pdf} } @article { author = {Momen, Ali and Koocheki, Alireza and Nassiri Mahallati, Mehdi}, title = {Nutrients efficiency index of maize in response to interactions of water use and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {52-77}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121072.1264}, abstract = {Water and nutrient deficiency often limit the growth and productivity of crop in agricultural systems (Cao et al., 2007). It has been reported that the effects of nutrient supply and water regimes may interact significantly on plant growth (Hu and Schmidhalter, 2005). A simple assessment of the effect of each input may not show a complex interaction with the other inputs. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the interactive effects of soil water and nutrients on plant growth in the arid environments. Hence, the objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the interactive effects of ETc, nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and N-P efficiency indicators in maize crop and (2) evaluate the importance of uptake efficiency versus utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus on NUE and PUE. Materials and methods This study was carried out at the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, located 10 km east of Mashhad at 36.16° North latitude, 59.36° East longitude, and height of 985 m above sea level, in two growing years of 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted three levels of 80 (ETc80), 100 (ETc100) and 120 (ETc120) of plant evapotranspiration, and sub plot included a factorial combination of three N levels (0, 200 and 400 kg ha-1) and three P levels (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1). Combined analysis of variance was performed by SAS 9.4 software, and means of different treatments were compared by Tukey test at the probability level of 5%. Results and Discussion Maize grain yield increased significantly as a result of increase in all inputs. However, effect of nitrogen on grain yield was more than others. Application of 200 and 400 kg ha-1 N caused 24% and 38% increases in maize yield, respectively. The interaction effect of ETc and N for grain yield was significant, and the highest and the lowest yield of maize with the values of 9486.8 and 5836.4 kg ha-1 was obtained with ETc100N400 and ETc80N0, respectively. When applied water increased up to ETc100, all levels of nitrogen increased yield but water use higher than this level decreased grain yield in N400. It appears that under these conditions, leaching increases, which ultimately led to the reduction of yield. According to these findings, irrigation more than ETc100 decreased N uptake in this treatment. The trends of NUE and PUE in response to treatments were similar to that of grain yield. It has been reported that changes in each of the P use efficiency components are significantly dependent on plant yield (Fageria et al., 2014). The interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus showed that in N0, the effect of different levels of phosphorous on grain yield was not significant, while phosphorus application at levels N200 and N400 significantly increased maize grain yield. These findings suggest that the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus on grain yield and nutrient uptake is synergistic. The results of path analysis indicated that in most of the treatments, the role of N and P uptake efficiency was superior to that of their utilization efficiency on the NUE and PUE. Conclusion The results showed that maize grain yield improved with increasing the inputs. The magnitude of the effects of all inputs on yield was in the order of N > ETc > P. The interaction effect of ETc and N showed that ETc100N200 was the optimum treatment to improve the yield and nitrogen efficiency simultaneously. The interaction of N and P on the yield and nutrient uptake was positive and synergistic. Overall, this study emphasized the importance of the interactive relationships between water and nutrients for achieving both the highest grain yield and nutrient use efficiency.}, keywords = {optimization,Resource limitation,Uptake efficiency,Utilization efficiency,Water requirement}, title_fa = {شاخص کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی ذرت در واکنش به اثر متقابل مصرف آب و کودهای نیتروژن و فسفر}, abstract_fa = {به منظور درک اثر متقابل آب، نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد و کارایی مصرف عناصر غذایی ذرت آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در دوسال 1393 و 1394 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به اجرا در آمد. آبیاری در سه سطح 80 (ETc80)، 100 (ETc100) و 120 (ETc120) درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به عنوان کرت اصلی و ترکیب فاکتوریل سه سطح صفر (N0)، 200 (N200) و 400 (N400) کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار با صفر (P0)، 100 (P100) و 200 (P200) کیلوگرم فسفر در هکتار در کرت‌های فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش هر یک از نهاده‌ها عملکرد دانه ذرت بهبود یافت. روند تاثیر هر یک از این نهاده‌ها بر عملکرد دانه به این ترتیب N > ETc > P بود. اثر متقابل مصرف آب و نیتروژن نشان داد که عملکرد و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و فسفر در سطح N0 با افزایشETc نسبتا خطی افزایش یافت، اما این صفات در تیمارهای N200 و N400 با افزایش آبیاری بیش از ETc100 به ترتیب بدون تغییر و روند کاهشی نشان دادند. بنابراین، ETc100N200 بهینه‌ترین تیمار در افزایش عملکرد و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن به طور همزمان بود. اثر متقابل نیتروژن و فسفر بر عملکرد و جذب عناصر غذایی مثبت و به صورت هم‌افزایی بود. نتایج آنالیز مسیر مشخص نمود که در اغلب تیمارهای آزمایش تاثیر کارایی جذب نیتروژن و فسفر در مقایسه با کارایی تبدیل آنها بر کارایی مصرف هر یک از این عناصر غذایی بارزتر بود.}, keywords_fa = {بهینه سازی,تنش خشکی,کارایی تبدیل,کارایی جذب,نیاز آبی گیاه}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116901.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116901_45d2a06689fdbe1c91c7383d644aea02.pdf} } @article { author = {Ruzbehani, afshin and bsaki, Tayebeh and Karami, Soraya and Azizi, FARHAD}, title = {Evaluation of promising forage maize hybrids under Markazi province climatic condition}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {87-92}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121177.1265}, abstract = {Introduction: Forage maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the important and strategic crops in Iran, which, as a fodder for livestock production systems, makes a major contribution to providing human protein nutrition requirements, especially red and white meat. In recent years, the area under cultivation of forage maize has increased (Ashofteh Bigrami et al., 2010; Mojab Ghasroddashti et al., 2017; Khavari Khorasani et al., 2010). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify and introduce promising forage maize hybrids that could be an alternative for commercial hybrids under Markazi Province climatic condition. Materials and Methods: In order to compare and evaluate ten new and promising forage maize hybrids (H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8, H9, H10, 89MAY70 and HIDO) and two foreign commercial hybrids (KSC700 and KSC704) in terms of fresh forage yield, phenological and some morphological traits related to forage yield, the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications during two years (2014 and 2015) at Arak Research Farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Markazi province. The experimental measurements included number of days to pollination (DTP), number of days to silking (DTS), anthesis-silking interval (ASI), number of leaf (No. leaf), stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), number of ear per plant (No.ear.plant-1), fresh ear yield (FFY), fresh forage yield (FFY) and ratio of FEY to FFY. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the GLM procedure of SAS statistical program. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the interrelationships between the forage maize hybrids and all the measured traits and the biplot was drawn using the Stat Graphics software (ver.16.1.11). Results and Discussion: The results showed that the differences among hybrids were significant in terms of the measured traits (P<0.01). However, for most traits, significant variations were observed, except for SD and No.ear.plant-1. The lowest variation among the studied hybrids was related to ASI and, the greatest variation was associated with DTP, DTS and ratio of FEY to FFY. The fresh forage yield performance as a resultant of the measured traits showed that hybrid H4 and HIDO had the highest (85316 and 84964 kg.ha-1, respectively) and hybrid H8 had the lowest (65751 kg.ha-1) fresh forage yield. On the other hand, results of principal component analysis revealed that the first two components explained 67.40% of the total variation. The first PC (PC1) accounted for 37.94% of the total variation and had negative correlations with FFY (-0.52), No. leaf (-0.37), and PH (-0.37). Nevertheless, it had positive correlation with ASI (0.48). PC2 explained 25.66% of the total variance and had a high positive correlations with ratio of FEY to FFY (0.53), FEY (0.49) and No.ear.plant-1 (0.49). To classify the hybrids based on the PCs, the biplot of PC1 and PC2 was constructed. Clearly, the promising hybrid HIDO formed a single group characterized by high FFY, FEY, ratio of FEY to FFY and short ASI. In contrast, the promising hybrid H8 and H10 exhibiting a long ASI and high ratio of FEY to FFY and lower value of FFY formed a distinct group. Other promising hybrids with commercial control hybrids (KSC700 and KSC704) were classified as intermediate in terms of the measured traits; nevertheless, the promising hybrid H4 belonging to this group was remarkable for the measured characteristics, which demonstrated a high similarity with hybrid HIDO. In general, the promising hybrid HIDO and H4 had the highest forage value in terms of quantity and quality; while the promising hybrid H10 and H8, despite the high quality of forage, were not desirable in terms of FFY. Conclusion: In general, the promising hybrid HIDO and H4 may be suggested as preferable and superior hybrids for further studies on the sustainability and compatibility of forage yield under climatic condition of Markazi Province. On the other hand, considering the importance of ASI as the main indicator for selection of resistant cultivars in areas under drought stress, it seems that two promising hybrids, i.e. HIDO and H4 with the shortest ASI could also be considered as preferable hybrids in the breeding programs under drought stress condition.}, keywords = {Biological yield,morphological traits,Phenological traits,Principal component analysis}, title_fa = {ارزیابی هیبریدهای تجاری و امیدبخش ذرت علوفه‌ای در شرایط آب و هوایی استان مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور مقایسه و ارزیابی 10 هیبرید جدید و امید بخش ذرت علوفه‌ای (ایرانی) و دو هیبرید تجاری (خارجی ) آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار و در دو سال زراعی 1393-1392 تا 1394-1393 در مزرعه پژوهشی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، واقع در اراک اجرا گردید و صفات روز تا گرده افشانی، روز تا ظهور ابریشم، روز از گرده افشانی تا ظهور ابریشم، تعداد برگ، قطر ساقه، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد بلال در هر بوته، عملکرد بلال تازه، عملکرد علوفه تازه و نسبت بلال به علوفه اندازه‌گیری شد. بر‌اساس نتایج بدست آمده بین هیبریدها از نظر صفات اندازه‌گیری شده تفاوت معنی-داری مشاهده شد (01/0>P)؛ با‌این وجود برای اکثر صفات تنوع قابل ملاحظه‌ای مشاهده نگردید . بر‌اساس تجزیه به مولفه‌های اصلی هیبریدهای 12 و 4 بالاترین ارزش علوفه از نظر کمی و کیفی و کوتاه‌ترین روز از گرده‌افشانی تا ظهور ابریشم را به‌خود اختصاص دادند، در حالیکه هیبریدهای 10 و 8 با وجود کیفیت بالای علوفه، از نظر عملکرد کمی علوفه و روز از گرده‌افشانی تا ظهور ابریشم در جایگاه مطلوبی قرار نگرفتند. دیگر هیبریدهای امید بخش به همراه هیبریدهای تجاری شاهد از نظر صفات اندازه-گیری شده در جایگاه حدواسط قرار گرفتند. در مجموع هیبریدهای 12 و 4 به عنوان هیبریدهای برتر و مطلوب برای مطالعات تکمیلی در خصوص پایداری، سازگاری و اثر تنش خشکی بر کمیت و کیفیت علوفه پیشنهاد می شوند.}, keywords_fa = {عملکرد بیولوژیک,صفات فنولوژیک,صفات مورفولوژیک,تجزیه به مولفه های اصلی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116905.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116905_92ddea2dc53c27dda6b3f2b641af21fd.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasiri Dehsorkhi, Abbas and Makarian, Hassan and Varnaseri Ghandali, Vida and Salari, Nasrin}, title = {Investigate effect of humic acid and vermicompost application on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.)}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {31}, number = {1}, pages = {93-113}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.121407.1277}, abstract = {Introduction: The main objective of sustainable agriculture is to decrease the off-farm inputs such as chemical fertilizers, increased farm nutrient cycle through reduced tillage and the use of biological and organic fertilizers (Akbari and Gholami, 2016). Vermicompost and humic acid are samples of organic fertilizer that can be used to decrease the application of chemical fertilizers in order to achieve goals of sustainable agriculture. Vermicompost is considered as a rich source of macro/micro elements, vitamins, enzymes and growth stimulating hormones which accelerate the growth of medicinal plants. It also increases the access to nitrogen and phosphours by increasing the Nitrogen fixation and dissolving phosphorus (Prabha et al., 2007). The humic acid mentioned as an environmentally friendly, organic matter with low levels of hormonal-like compounds is useful in improving agriculture production (Samavat and Malakuti 2006). There has been little discussion about combined use of organic fertilizers on cumin. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of humic acid and vermicompost application on yield and yield components of cumin. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of vermicompost and humic acid on yield and yield components of cumin, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications, in a field located in Mobarakeh city, during the growing season of 2016-2017. The treatments included of three levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1) and four levels of humic acid (0, 2, 4 and 6 l.ha-1). At the end of the season, sampling were done and plant height, number of umbels, number of grain per umbel, 1000-Grain weight, grain and biological yield and harvest index were evaluated. Finally, for analysis of data, MSTAT-C software was applied and means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the probability level of 5%. Simple correlation of traits was obtained using SPSS version 16 software. Results and Discussion: The results showed that vermicompost leads to a significant increase in investigated traits. So, use of 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost produced the maximum height and 1000-grain weight. Use of 5 and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost increased the number of grain per umbel by 19 and 26 percent in comparison to control treatment respectively. Likewise, the results indicated that the simple effect of humic acid was significant on all the studied traits except harvest index. So that, the highest and lowest plant height, number of grain per umbel and 1000-Grain weight was obtained from 4 l.ha-1 and control treatments respectively. Interaction effect of vermicompost and humic acid influenced number of umbels, harvest index, grain and biological yield significantly. The maximum grain yield and number of umbel was observed with application of 4 and 6 l.ha-1 humic acid and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost. In this regard, Akbari and Gholami (2016) reported that the greatest and lowest seed yield of Fennel obtained from 8 ton ha-1 vermicompost and control plots respectively. Also their results suggested that with humic acid foliar application, seed yield of Fennel increased about 18 percent (Akbari and Gholami, 2016). Highest efficiency of humic acid at all levels of vermicompost, obtained by application 4 liter of humic acid per hectare. Foliar spraying 4 l.ha-1 humic acid in combined with using of 0, 5 and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost, caused a significant increasing in biological yield by 28.5, 14.2 and 9.8 percent compared with control (no foliar spraying) respectively. The results suggested that the between investigated traits, the maximum correlation of grain yield was observed with plant height (0.87**), number of umbels per plant (0.85**) and biological yield (0.84**) respectively. Conclusion: Positive and significant correlation was found between yield and yield components, showing that an increase in one of yield components caused by use of organic fertilizers, could have a significant increasing effect on cumin yield. Overall, based on the results of present study, can be said application of organic fertilizers especially combined use of them, can be increased yield and yield components of plant and also alleviated environmental pollutions that created by use of chemical fertilizers and finally can be achieved to goals of sustainable agriculture.}, keywords = {harvest index,Medicinal plants,Organic fertilizers,Sustainable agriculture}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر کاربرد اسید هیومیک و ورمی کمپوست بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی تاثیر سطوح ورمی کمپوست و اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد زیره سبز، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 96-1395 در مزرعه‌ای واقع در شهرستان مبارکه انجام شد. عوامل آزمایش شامل ورمی کمپوست در سه سطح (عدم مصرف، مصرف 5 و 10 تن در هکتار) و محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک در چهار سطح (صفر، 2، 4 و 6 لیتر در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه و وزن هزار دانه با کاربرد ورمی کمپوست به‌میزان 10 تن در هکتار به‌دست آمد. کاربرد 5 و 10 تن ورمی کمپوست در هکتار، باعث افزایش معنی‌دار تعداد دانه در چتر به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 19 و 26 درصد نسبت به شاهد (عدم مصرف) گردید. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و تعداد چتر در بوته نیز در تیمارهای محلول پاشی 4 و 6 لیتر در هکتار اسید هیومیک و کاربرد 10 تن ورمی کمپوست مشاهده شد. محلول پاشی اسید هیومیک به‌مقدار 4 لیتر در هکتار در شرایط کاربرد 0، 5 و 10 تن ورمی کمپوست، باعث افزایش معنی‌دار عملکرد بیولوژیک به-ترتیب به‌میزان 5/28، 2/14 و 8/9 درصد نسبت به شاهد (عدم محلول پاشی) گردید. بر اساس نتایج پژوهش حاضر، می‌توان اظهار داشت که با مصرف کودهای آلی به‌ویژه کاربرد ترکیبی آنها، ضمن افزایش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد زیره سبز و همچنین کاهش آلودگی‌های زیست محیطی ناشی از مصرف کودهای شیمیایی می‌توان به اهداف کشاورزی پایدار دست یافت.}, keywords_fa = {شاخص برداشت,کشاورزی پایدار,کودهای آلی,گیاهان دارویی}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116910.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_116910_4656f24ee9eff0a68bbd638a62a2c6ac.pdf} }