@article { author = {Asadzadehi, Narges and Mosavi, Gh and Seghatoleslami, Mohamad Javad}, title = {Effect of irrigation and ZnO and SiO2 nano and conventional fertilizers levels on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of sunflower}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {1-17}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2017.108423.1095}, abstract = {Introduction Water deficiency is one of the most limiting factors of crop production throughout the world. Moreover, addition of fertilizers to supplement farm fertility is essential for crop production. In particular, microelements have important roles in seed formation and seed yield. Foliar sprays with fertilizers including microelements such as Zn and Si have been shown to be convenient for field use, have a good effectiveness and very rapid plant response. Hence, studying the effects of irrigation and fertilizer on agriculture is important in arid regions like most parts of Iran. Sharing 2.8% of total world oilseeds (around 107 million ton), sunflower is the fifth most important edible oil producer, following soybean, rape, cotton and peanut. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of ZnO and SiO2 nano and conventional fertilizers application on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of sunflower in water deficit stress conditions an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at experimental field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch, Birjand, Iran in 2014. The main plot was devoted to irrigation at two levels (irrigated after 100 and 200 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan) and the sub-plot was devoted to foliar spray of ZnO and SiO2 at seven levels (nano ZnO, nano SiO2, ZnO, SiO2, nano ZnO + nano SiO2, ZnO + SiO2 and control or wihtout foliar spray). Measuring traits included the head diameter, seed number per head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield and water use efficiency for seed, biomass and oil. MSTAT-C statistical software used for data analysis and means compared with Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Results showed that water deficit stress decreased head diameter, seed number per head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, oil yield and water use efficiency for seed, biomass and oil by 16.9, 39.5, 18.5, 50.3, 33.3, 51.5, 73.7, 62.9 and 75%, respectively as compared to no-stress conditions (irrigation after 100 and 200 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan). It can be said probably the stomata closure and as a result, the decrease in CO2 inflow to the plant decreased leaf area and duration and photosynthesis rate under limited irrigation conditions. Therefore, seed yield decreased because of the decrease in plant growing period, seed filling, head diameter, seed number per head and 1000-seed weight and probably the increase in unfilled head percentage. Also foliar application of conventional ZnO fertilizer significantly increased head diameter, seed number per head, seed yield and oil yield by 10.2, 42.9, 59.7 and 70.3%, respectively as compared to no-foliar application treatment. Zinc fertilizer has positive effect on auxin biosynthesis that can stimulate cell division and better absorption of minerals and thus increase the plant growth (Marschner, 2012). It seems that ZnO fertilizer mainly by increasing the seed number in head significantly seed yield increased. Probably zinc element participates in protein synthesis of the pollen tube during pollination, which leads to increase the seed number in head. The highest water use efficiency for seed and oil with means of 0.125 and 0.056 kg. m-3 respectively, was observed in treatment of ZnO application that was 77.8 and 75% higher compared to the control treatment, respectively. This result can be related to higher seed and oil yield in this treatment compared to other treatments of fertilizer. Conclusions It seems the use of zinc oxide fertilizer due to its role in improving the functioning of physiological and biochemical in plant (Malakoti & Lotfolahi, 2004) has increased photosynthetic capacity and especially by increasing the fertilization of flowers and seed number per head caused a significant increase in seed yield. Moreover, water deficit stress by stomata closure and decreasing in the photosynthetic capacity of plant and source power was significantly reduced seed number per head and 1000-seed weight and finally seed yield and oil yield of sunflower. In total, it is recommended treatment of irrigation after 100 mm cumulative evaporation from evaporation pan and foliar application of conventional ZnO for the cultivation of sunflower under conditions of this research.}, keywords = {1000-seed,head diameter,microelement,oil seed,Water deficit stress}, title_fa = {تأثیر سطوح آبیاری و کودهای نانو و معمولی روی و سیلیس بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب در آفتابگردان (Helianthus annus L.)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی اثر محلول‌پاشی اکسیدهای معمولی و نانو روی و سیلیس در شرایط تنش کم‌آبی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب آفتابگردان آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بیرجند اجرا گردید. دو سطح آبیاری (آبیاری پس از 100 و 200 میلیمتر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر) به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی روی و سیلیس در 7 سطح (اکسید روی، اکسید سیلیس، نانو اکسید روی، نانو اکسید سیلیس، اکسید روی + اکسید سیلیس، نانو اکسید روی + نانو اکسید سیلیس و شاهد یا عدم محلول‌پاشی) به عنوان فاکتور فرعی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که با اعمال تنش کم‌آبی قطر طبق، تعداد دانه درطبق، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و عملکرد روغن نسبت به تیمار بدون تنش به ترتیب 9/16، 5/39، 5/18، 3/50، 3/33 و 5/51 درصد کاهش یافت اما کارایی مصرف آب برای بیوماس 1 /16 درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین کاربرد اکسید روی، قطر طبق، تعداد دانه در طبق، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد روغن و کارایی‌ مصرف آب برای تولید دانه، بیوماس و عملکرد روغن را به طور معنی‌دار و به ترتیب 2/10، 9/42، 7/59، 3/70، 4/52، 7/28 و 60 درصد نسبت به تیمار عدم محلول‌پاشی افزایش داد. به طور کلی بر اساس نتایج، استفاده از تیمار دور آبیاری پس از 100 میلیمتر تبخیر تجمعی و محلول‌پاشی با اکسید روی در زراعت آفتابگردان در شرایط این تحقیق پیشنهاد می‌گردد.}, keywords_fa = {تنش کم آبی,دانه روغنی,ریزمغذی,قطر طبق,هزار دانه}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113399.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113399_8e4a88200431ea0958b781df9bcfaf0c.pdf} } @article { author = {nazeri, sayyed mahmood}, title = {Study on bread wheat cultivar developmental stages and canopy temperature depression changing at environmental conditions due to different sowing dates}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {18-32}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2017.109590.1123}, abstract = {Introduction Successive developmental stages occur in different time over the growing season and are exposed to different environmental conditions, therefore, knowledge of factors influencing variation in developmental stages duration is essential in adaptation and crop management (Hay and Porter, 2006). Under different environmental conditions crop life cycle may extend or curtailed, however, none of developmental stages are eliminated. Hence, the duration of different developmental stages are to vary as the crop life cycle is fit in the available growing season (Reynolds et al., 2001). nearly %39 of wheat grain yield variation is depended to environmental indecses.(Anderson and Ahmadi-Esfahani, 2010). Spike growth period (Terminal spikelet to Anthesis) is a crucial stage and significantly affects grain yield determination. Spike growth duration decreases under environmental stress, thus negatively influences grain yield components (Refay, 2011). This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different environmental conditions due to different sowing dates on the duration of different developmental stages, and canopy temperature depression with in wheat genotypes. Materials and Methods This study was conducted at Gonabad Agricultural Research Field Station, in the North East of Iran in 34º 23´ N, 58º 45´ E and 1060 m above see level-in split plot arrangements using randomized complete block design with three replications, during 2010-2011 growing season. Main plots were sowing dates with four levels (D1: Oct., 23, D2: Nov., 6, D3: Nov., 22, D4: Dec., 6). Ten bread wheat cultivars, (V1: (Bam), V2: (Nidhaboor), V3:(Falat) , V4: (Chamran) , V5: (Sivand) , V6:(Parsi), V7:(Pishtaze), V8:(Bahar), V9:(M-85-7), V10: (Sepahan)) were assigned to subplots. To precisely determine the developmental stages at least five randomly selected plants from each plot were dissected following Kirby, 1990. Double ridge (DR) stage and Terminal spikelet (TS) stage were determined by dissecting the shoot apex of sampled plants. Anthesis was recorded when anthers of middle florets in 50% of spikes were extruded (Kirby, 1990). Physiological maturity was determined when 50% of peduncles turned in to yellow. canopy temperature depression was calculated by diffrence between air and canopy temperature (Kringwi et al., 2004). Results The results showed that the highest grain yield obtained in 23 Oct. and 6 Nov. sowing dates (5.336 and 5.264 ton/ ha respectively). Genotypes V6 :(Parsi), V1:(Bam), V8 :(Bihar) and V7:( Pishtas) had the highest grain yield in 23 Oct. sowing date (6.727, 6.099, 5.979 and 5.792 ton/ha respectively), genotypes V6:(Parsi), V1:(Bam), V2: (Nishaboor), V5: (Sivand) and V8 :(Bahar) in 6 Nov. sowing date(6.333, 6.162, 5.915, 5.630, 5.615 and 5.435 ton/ha respectively) (Table 1). The grain yield decreased significantly in all genotypes, in delayed (22 Nov. and 6 Dec.) sowing dates (3.200 and 2.216 ton/ha respectively), due to reduction days to physiological maturity, anthesis, terminal spikelet, double ridge and grain filling period (Table 1). Delay in appearance of developmental stages in 22 Nov. and 6 Dec. sowing dates caused young spike growth period (terminal spikelet to anthesis) and grain filling period happened in unsuitable conditions. There was no significant difference in Canopy temperature depression (CTD) in 23 Oct. and 6 Nov. treatments, but there was high significant difference in CTD in 22 Nov. and 6 Dec. treatments, in anthesis and milky grain stages. So planting of suitable wheat cultivars in the period of 23 Oct. to 6 Nov. caused pheonological adjustment with more suitable environmental conditions and imporoved grain yield in recommended variety in the same environmental conditions.}, keywords = {Anthesis,double ridges,physiological maturity,terminal spiklet}, title_fa = {مطالعه تغییرات مراحل نمو و کاهش دمای کانوپی ارقام گندم نان در مواجهه با شرایط محیطی مختلف ناشی از تاریخ های متفاوت کاشت}, abstract_fa = {این بررسی به منظور مطالعه تغییرات مراحل نمو و کاهش دمای کانوپی ارقام گندم نان در شرایط محیطی مختلف ناشی از تاریخ های متفاوت کاشت، با استفاده از طرح کرتهای خرد شده در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسا ن رضوی( ایستگاه گناباد) انجام شد. عامل تاریخ کاشت با چهار سطح (اول آبان ، 15 آبان، اول آذر و 15 آذر) در کرتهای اصلی و ده رقم گندم (1- بم 2- نیشابور 3- فلات 4- چمران 5- سیوند 6- پارسی 7- پیشتاز 8– بهار 9- M-85-7 10– سپاهان) در کرتهای فرعی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که یشترین عملکرد دانه در تاریخ کاشت اول و 15 آبان حاصل شد (336/5 و 264/5 تن در هکتار به ترتیب). با تاخیر در کاشت پس از 15 آبان شیب کاهش عملکرد زیاد بود. کاهش بسیار معنی دار عملکرد در تاریخ کاشت های اول و 15 آذر به دلیل کوتاه شدن طول مراحل نمو و قرار گرفتن مراحل حساس شکل گیری عملکرد در شرایط نامساعد محیطی بود . در تاریخ کاشت اول و 15 آذر رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک به ترتیب حدود 14 و 38 روز ، مرحله برجستگی دو گانه22 و 36روز و سنبلچه انتهایی21 و 33 روز دیرتر اتفاق افتاد، که به مفهوم مواجهه دوره رشد سریع سنبله جوان و دوره پرشدن دانه با شرایط نامساعدتر نسبت به تاریخ کاشت اول و 15 آبان بود، بنا براین محدوده زمانی اوایل تا اواسط آبان ماه باعث انطباق مراحل نمو با شرایط مساعدتر محیطی و در نتیجه بهبود عملکرد دانه در ارقام مناسب منطقه شد.}, keywords_fa = {برجستگی دوگانه,رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک,سنبلچه انتهایی,ظهور بساک}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113400.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113400_cbba9b33e93adce9f0094b931321f49d.pdf} } @article { author = {Mahrokh, A and نبی پور, مجید and روشنفکر, حبیب اله and چوکان, رجب}, title = {Current of photosynthesis and remobilization of assimilate affected spraying growth regulator under drought stress condition on maize cultivar KSC 704}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {33-48}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2017.108051.1084}, abstract = {Introduction Drought is one of the major environmental conditions that adversely affects plant growth and crop yield. Drought is the most major restriction in maize production. The reduction in plant growth under drought stress conditions could be an outcome of altered hormonal balance and hence the exogenous application of growth regulators under stress conditions could be the possible means of reversing the effects of abiotic stress. Plant growth regulators such as auxin and cytokinin are known to be involved in the regulation of plant response to the adverse effects of stress conditions. Previous studies have shown that endogenous hormones are essential regulators for translocating and partitioning of photo-assimilates for grain filling in cereal crops (Yang, et al. 2003), and therefore could be involved in the regulation of grain weight and yield. This study was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous application of growth regulators on the current photosynthesis and remobilization of assimilates in maize cultivar KSC704 under drought stress conditions. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out in three distinct environments at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Karaj, Iran, in 2013. The environments included non-drought stress (irrigation after soil moisture reached 75% of field capacity), drought stress at vegetative stage (irrigation after soil moisture reached 50% of field capacity from V4 to tasseling stage and irrigation after soil moisture reached 75% of field capacity from pollination to physiological maturity stage) and drought stress at reproductive stage (irrigation after soil moisture reached 75% of field capacity from V4 to tasseling stage and irrigation after soil moisture reached 50% of field capacity from pollination to physiological maturity stage). Cytokinin was applied at V5 –V6 and V8-V10 stages and auxin was sprayed at silk emergence stage and 15 days after that period. No usage of the growth regulators was served as control. The trial was laid out as a factorial scheme based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Auxin was used in the form of Indole-3-butyric acid and cytokinin was sprayed as N6-benzyladenin. Harvesting was done from 4.5 m2 at field maturity stage at 14 % grain moisture content and was used to estimate grain yield. Remobilization, efficiency of remobilization, contribution of remobilization, current photosynthesis, efficiency of current photosynthesis and contribution of current photosynthesis were measured by the equation of Uhart and Andrade (1995). Results and Discussion The effect of drought stress on current photosynthesis, efficiency of current photosynthesis, contribution of current photosynthesis and remobilization was significant (P<0.01). Efficiency of remobilization was also affected by water stress (P<0.05) (Table 1). The difference in the rate of current photosynthesis and remobilization under drought stress and non- stress environments at vegetative stage was insignificant (Table 2). Cytokinin increased the rate of current photosynthesis by 13.74% as compared to control treatment at V8-V10 stage. It is possible that the application of cytokinin at V8-V10 stage resulted in enhanced cell division and leaf area, leading to increased absorption of photosynthetically active radiation by the plant. Contribution of current photosynthesis to grain yield was maximal under optimum irrigation and water stress treatments at vegetative stage. However, it experienced a 28.18% decline under drought stress at reproductive stage. The application of auxin was associated with increased contribution of remobilization to grain yield at silk emergence stage. It seems that auxin involvement in the conversion of sucrose to other hexoses such as starch in endosperm and its role in maintaining concentration gradient of assimilates from source to sink are the reasons for this increase. (Robert and John, 2004). Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, drought stress at vegetative stage (irrigation after decreasing soil moisture to 50% field capacity) can be effective in conserving irrigation water and increasing water use efficiency. Moreover, considering the fact that the higher rates of current photosynthesis and contribution of current photosynthesis to grain yield were achieved with cytokinin application at V8-V10 stage and spraying with auxin at silk emergence stage led to the increased rates of remobilization and contribution of remobilization to grain yield, the aforementioned growth periods were identified as the best application times for cytokinin and auxin, respectively.}, keywords = {: auxin,cytokinine,contribute of current photosynthesis,efficiency of current photosynthesis,Growth stage}, title_fa = {فتوسنتز جاری و انتقال مجدد مواد فتوسنتزی در اثر محلول‌پاشی تنظیم کننده‌های رشد در شرایط تنش خشکی در ذرت KSC 704}, abstract_fa = {آزمایش در سه محیط جداگانه، شامل محیط بدون تنش خشکی، تنش خشکی در مرحله رشد رویشی و تنش خشکی در مرحله رشد زایشی انجام شد. تنظیم کننده‌های رشد‌ سیتوکینین در سه سطح (شاهد، محلول‌پاشی در مرحله پنج تا شش برگی و هشت تا ده برگی) و اکسین در سه سطح (شاهد، محلول‌پاشی در مرحله ظهور ابریشم و 15 روز پس از ظهور ابریشم) در هر محیط درسه تکرار بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه مؤسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر کرج طی سال‌ زراعی 1392 اجرا شد. تنش خشکی در مرحله رشد زایشی باعث کاهش میزان فتوسنتز جاری و سهم فتوسنتز جاری در عملکرد دانه به ترتیب به مقدار 43/61 و 18/28 درصد گردید و همچنین باعث افزایش انتقال مجدد و سهم انتقال مجدد در عملکرد دانه به ترتیب به مقدار 68/40 و 18/28 درصد گردید. همچنین محلول‌پاشی تنظیم کننده رشد سیتوکینین در مرحله هشت تا ده برگی باعث افزایش میزان فتوسنتز جاری و سهم فتوسنتز جاری در عملکرد دانه به ترتیب به مقدار 74/13 و 10/11 درصد گردید و محلول‌پاشی تنظیم کننده رشد اکسین در مرحله ظهور ابریشم باعث افزایش میزان انتقال مجدد و سهم انتقال مجدد در عملکرد دانه به ترتیب به مقدار 95/24 و 38/4 درصد گردید. بنابراین محلول‌پاشی تنظیم کننده‌های رشد‌ سیتوکینین در مرحله هشت تا ده برگی در افزایش فتوسنتز جاری و اکسین در مرحله ظهور ابریشم در افزایش انتقال مجدد و نهایتا عملکرد دانه مؤثر خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {اکسین,سیتوکینین,سهم فتوسنتز جاری,کارایی فتوسنتز جاری,مراحل رشد}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113561.html}, eprint = {} } @article { author = {هادی زاده, محمد حسن and Abbaspoor, Majid and Karaminejad, Mohammadreza and Fereidoonpoor, Mohammad}, title = {Investigating the response of Irrigated Wheat Cultivars to Herbicide Total® WG 80% (Metsulfuron-methyl + Sulfosulfuron) in Different Regions of Iran}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {49-63}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2017.109842.1136}, abstract = {Introduction: Wheat cultivars have been found to vary in responding to commonly used herbicides and their tank mixes, resulting in grain yield loss and reduced farm profits (Ramsey et al. 2010, Lemerle and Cousens, 1993). There are more than 45 commercial wheat cultivars and 20 herbicides formulations registered for weed control in wheat, in Iran that sensitivity test has not been done yet (Nourbakhsh, 2016). In our experiments, we determined the response of 11 common wheat cultivars to herbicide metsulfuron+ sulfosulfuron (Total®) as the most important herbicide to control wild barley at different regions. Materials and Methods: A field study was conducted in four regions of Iran, including Mashhad, Jolgeh-Rokh (in Torbat-Heidarieh), Darab (in Fars) and Karaj during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The layouts was completely randomized block design in factorial arrangement of the treatments with four replicates. Treatments were wheat cultivars (Five cultivars chosen from 11 recommended cultivars for each region) and three herbicide application times (whether at 13, 16 or 31 growth stages of wheat according to Zadoks). Root and shoot dry weight of plants sampled in early growth stages, grain yield and visual injury assessment were subjected to statistical analysis and mean separated by DMRT (α=5%). Results and Discussion: Results showed significant differences in grain yield of wheat cultivars irrespective of herbicide spraying in different growth stages. The maximum grain yield obtained from Pishgam cultivar in Mashhad and Jolgeh-Rokh, Pishgam, Mihan and Pishtaz cultivars in Karaj and Behrang, Chamran and Yavaroose cultivars in Darab. Herbicide application at Zadoks 13 on Mihan (32%), Zare (40%) and Gascogene (29%) cultivars in Mashhad caused significant reduction in root dry weight but no significant reduction in shoot dry weight and grain yield (percent of corresponding untreated control). Herbicide application on Orum and Zare cultivars at Zadok 31 caused significant reduction of root (41.5% and 30% respectively), shoot dry weight (16% and 29%) and grain yield (39 and 35%) at first year of the experiment in Karaj. Grain yield, however, was not significantly decreased in the second year. Pishgam cultivar didn’t showed unfavorable response to herbicide application in different growth stages. In Jolgeh-Rokh and Darab, neither visible injury of herbicide on wheat cultivars nor reduction in root and shoot dry weight and/or grain yield were observed. Cold temperatures appeared soon after herbicide application in Karaj and Mashhad may be responsible for the sensitivity of cultivars although they recovered in the most cases. Cultivars responses to temporarily stress are complicated, and may be dependent to settled condition and must be studied more accurately. Conclusion: Among 11 tested cultivars, most of them shown no sign of sensitivity to Total® application. Zare was recognized as the most sensitive and then after, Oroum and Gascogene showed relative sensitivity. Acknowledgements: We wish to thanks Professor Eskandar Zand, Dr. Masoud Ezatahmadi, Mr. Seyed Hoseein Torabi and Mr. Mohammad Pasban for very useful convenience on this project.}, keywords = {Dry weight,Growth stage,Injury symptom,Sulfonylurea,yield}, title_fa = {بررسی واکنش ارقام گندم آبی به کاربرد علفکش توتال 80%WG (متسولفورون-متیل+سولفوسولفورون) در مناطق مختلف کشور}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی واکنش ارقام گندم به علف‌کش توتال 80% WG (متسولفورون-متیل+سولفوسولفورون) آزمایشی در چهار منطقه مشهد، جلگه‌رخ (تربت حیدریه) ، داراب (فارس) و کرج در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی به شکل آزمایش‌های فاکتوریل با چهار تکرار طی دو سال 1390 و 91 به اجرا درآمد. دو عامل آزمایش شامل رقم (5 رقم رایج هر منطقه)، و زمان کاربرد علف‌کش در مرحله رشدی گندم (13، 16و 31 زادوکس) بودند. نتایج حاکی از اختلاف عملکرد ارقام در هر منطقه صرفنظر از زمان مصرف علف‌کش بود. بالاترین عملکرد گندم در مناطق مشهد و جلگه رخ مربوط به رقم پیشگام؛ در کرج مربوط به ارقام پیشگام، میهن و پیشتاز و در دارب مربوط به ارقام بهرنگ، چمران و یاواروس بود. مصرف علف‌کش در مرحله 13 زادوکس باعث کاهش وزن خشک ریشه ارقام میهن (32%)، زارع (40%) و گاسکوژن (29%)، نسبت به شاهد بدون سمپاشی در مشهد شد ولی عملکرد دانه کاهش نیافت. سمپاشی در مرحله 31 زادوکس در کرج باعث کاهش معنی‌دار درصد وزن خشک ریشه زارع و اورم (5/41% و 30%) ، وزن خشک اندام‌های هوایی (16% و 29%) و عملکرد دانه (39% و 35%) در سال اول گردید. رقم پیشگام بدون هیچ‌گونه پاسخ منفی نسبت به کاربرد علفکش توتال ارزیابی شد. در دو منطقه جلگه رخ و داراب تاثیر سوئی ناشی از مصرف علف‌کش توتال بر هیچ‌یک از صفات اندازه‌گیری شده مشاهده نشد.}, keywords_fa = {سولفونیل اوره,عملکرد,علایم خسارت,مرحله رشد,وزن خشک}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113562.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_113562_bb250436307902f61717a4726ef6e7ad.pdf} } @article { author = {فیض بخش, محمد تقی and Soqi, Habib}, title = {Evaluating the response of yield and yield components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to in normal and late seeding dates..}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {64-82}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.109816.1132}, abstract = {Title: Studying the response of yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to in normal and late seeding dates. Introduction: According to Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture in 2016, Wheat is the most important cropin Iran and the wheat area with 63.1 percent shares most of wheat cultivated area in Iran. Also according to the latest statistics, 357 thousand hectares were sown wheat in the Golestan province (Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture, 2016). Increasing wheat yield requires an understanding of appropriate management method that are most important introducing new cultivars and appropriate seeding dates. Planting date, particularly in areas with environmental constraints such as extreme heat and cold early or late and end of the season is mid-summer, crop production is an important option in the management decisions. Often with a change in planting date, soil and ambient temperature change, which will cause different reactions in different growth stages of the plant (Eshraghi-Nejad et al., 2011; Tomaret al., 1993). Materials and Methods: To investigate studying the response of yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to in normal and late seeding dates, this experiment was carried out at Gorgan research station of Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2015-2016 growing season. The soil type in the experimental station is silty clay loam. This investigate was done in two experiment. Each experiment was done including nine genotype with three replication. Each plot consisted of six rows that were 6 m long. Both experiments were conducted without nutrient limitations. Fertilizers were applied based on the soil test results. The first experiment was in normal seeding date ( 6th December, 2015) and the second was in late seeding date (5th January 5, 2016). Results and Disruptions: The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of seeding date was significant on high plant, day to anthesis, day to maturity, number of spike per square, grain yield, biomass and harvest index. Also the interaction effects of seeding date × Genotype was significant all of traits under study. The highest grain yield reductions were observed in the second seeding date (late seeding dates) And with increase the temperature, days to anthesis, days to maturity, high plant, day to anthesis, day to maturity, number of spike per square, grain yield, biomass and harvest index decreased. The results showed that seeding date on yield and yield components of wheat were impressive. In the late planting date plant flowering under thermal stress that is above 30 degrees reduces the number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike and grain yield. Conclusions: Before sowing, it is necessary to know crop yield responses to seeding dates. Results of the current study showed that the yield and yield components were limited by delayed seeding date. Investigated of grain yield of genotypes showed that all genotypes in both seeding dates in term of grain yield were higher or equivalent (in a statistical group) with the control cheek (Gonbad), and can be introduced to farmers for increasing diversity in cultivars. Key words: Wheat, Grain yield, Spike, Seeding date, Gorgan, Cultivar References: Eshraghi-Nejad, M., Kamkar, B., and Soltani, A. 2011. The effect of sowing date on yield of millet varieties by influencing on phonological periods duration. Electronic Journal of Crop Production.4 (2): 169-188 in Persian with English summery. Ministry of Jihad e Agriculture. 2016. Statistics. Avalible at Web site. http://amar.maj.ir/Portal /Home/Default.aspx? CategoryID= 117564e0-507c-4565-9659-fbabfb4acb9b (accessed 25 February 2017). Tomar, S.S., Pathan, M.A., Gupta, K.P., and Khandkar, U.R. 1993. Effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria at different levels of phosphate on black gram (Phaseolus mungo). Indian of Journal Agronomy. 38(1): 131-133.}, keywords = {Wheat,Grain yield,Spike,Seeding date,Gorgan,cultivar}, title_fa = {ارزیابی واکنش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ژنوتیپ‌های گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) نسبت به تاریخ کاشت به‌موقع و دیرهنگام..}, abstract_fa = {افزایش عملکرد در گندم مستلزم شناخت روش‌های مدیریتی مناسب است. از جمله مهم‌ترین آنها معرفی ارقام جدید و تاریخ کاشت مناسب می‌باشد. به منظور مطالعه واکنش عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گندم نان نسبت به دو تاریخ کاشت به موقع و دیرهنگام آزمایشی در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گرگان وابسته به مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان در سال زراعی 1394-1395 انجام شد. این بررسی در دو آزمایش جداگانه انجام شد. هر آزمایش در سه تکرار شامل نه ژنوتیپ گندم بود. آزمایش اول در تاریخ 15 آذر (به موقع) و آزمایش دوم 15دی (دیرهنگام) بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثرات تاریخ کاشت بر روی ارتفاع بوته، روز تا گلدهی، روز تا رسیدگی، تعداد سنبله در مترمربع، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت معنی‌دار بود. همچنین اثرات متقابل تاریخ کاشت × ژنوتیپ‌های مورد بررسی بر روی همه صفات مورد بررسی معنی‌دار گردید. نتایج نشان داد که افزایش دما در کشت‌های دیرهنگام باعث کاهش روز تا گلدهی، روز تا رسیدگی، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد سنبله در مترمربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، عملکرد بیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه می‌گردد. بررسی عملکرد دانه ژنوتیپ‌ها نشان داد که همه ژنوتیپ‌های مورد بررسی در هر دو تاریخ کاشت از نظر عملکرد دانه بالاتر و یا هم‌ردیف (در یک گروه آماری) با رقم شاهد (گنبد) قرار گرفتند و می‌توانند جهت معرفی به کشاورزان و افزایش تنوع در ارقام مورد بهره‌برداری قرار گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {گندم,عملکرد دانه,سنبله,تاریخ کشت,گرگان,رقم}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115541.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115541_07cd6eea5e7cd3790508db44346e1d78.pdf} } @article { author = {miri, mousa and pirdashti, hematollah and faghani, elham and Ghasemi-Omran, Valiollah}, title = {Effects of paclobutrazol on physiological characteristics of two sesame genotypes (Sesamum indicum L.) under water stress conditions}, journal = {Applied Field Crops Research}, volume = {30}, number = {1}, pages = {83-95}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Khorasan Razavi}, issn = {2538-4066}, eissn = {2538-4058}, doi = {10.22092/aj.2018.114836.1175}, abstract = {Effects of paclubutrazol on physiological characteristic two genotypes (Sesamum indicum) under water stress Miri.Mousa1, Hematollah Pirdashti1, Elham Faghani2*, Valiollah Ghasemi-Omran1 1) Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Sari, Iran, 2*) Cotton Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran Email: elhamfaghanibio@gmail.com Introduction: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L) is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods (Monayem Miah et al., 2015). Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses which affect almost every aspect of plant growth. The arid and semi-arid regions where sesame is grown are specified by high temperatures, high evaporation demand and occurrence of unpredictable drought (Oscar Rojas et al., 2014). This plant is relatively drought tolerant. Resistance to water stress in sesame is important in many countries with low rainfall. Material and methods: In order to evaluation effects of Paclubutrazul on two Sesamum indicum genotypes under drought stress and study physiology, yield and yield component responses of genotypes, these experiment was done using factorial arrangement based on Randomized Complete Block with three replications in 1393-94 in greenhouse of educational department of Kordkoy. Treatments included Sesamum indicum genotypes (Yellow- white and Oltan), three levels of watering (20, 50 and 80% FC) and three concentrations of paclubutrazul application (0, 7.5 and 15 mgL-1). Data were analyzed with SAS software. Results and discussion: Finally results showed that genotype, water treatment and paclubutrazul on thousand seed weight, yield, proline, epicuticular wax of leaf, catalase activity of leaf and root, starch and carbohydrate soluble was significant. Although proline, EWL, catalase enzyme activity in leaf and root were declined, but Starch and carbohydrate solution content of leaf was elevated in Yellow- white against 20% FC. Application of paclubutrazul on starch, proline and catalase enzyme activity in both genotypes were not significant, but catalase enzyme activity in root, carbohydrate solution and EWL in leaves, thousand seed weight and yield were different significantly. Oltan in waterless stress had maximum proline content, EWL and catalase enzyme activity than yellow white, albeit, yellow white had highest carbohydrate solution than Oltan. Also EWL in leaves of Oltan was increased in 15mgL-1 paclubutrazul. EWL accumulation leaves protect them from addition water evaporation (Gonzalez et al., 2010). Also concentration of EWL accumulation leaves against severs waterless stress and highest paclubutrazul content, was highest 4 times than well water and without paclubutrazul usage. Catalase enzyme activity in root and leaves and proline content of leaves in 15 mg paclubutrazuland severe waterless stress were 9, 0.2 and 0.4 times more than without paclubutrazul and well water treatment. Carbohydrate solution in leaves under severe water stress and highest paclubutrazul content was 0.6 times more than control. In well water with 15 mg paclubutrazul, average yield per plant 13.3 g with thousand seed weight, 3.61g than control was highest in comparison control. Also, Oltan genotype than Yellow white to highest concentration paclubutrazul usage in case of effect on Osmolites and Catalase activity enzyme showed positive reaction. Key words: Oxidative enzyme, Osmolites, Waterless tolerant, Epicuticular wax, Carbohydrate Monayem Miah., Afroz., S., Rashid. M. A and Shiblee S.A.M. 2015. Factors Affecting Adoption of Improved Sesame Technologies in Some Selected Areas in Bangladesh: An Empirical Study. The Agriculturists, 13(1): 140-151. Oscar Rojas, N. R. C., Yanyun Li, E. S. T., Renato Cumani, N. R. L. (2014). Understanding the drought impact of El Niño on the global agricultural areas: An assessment using. FAO's. Agricultural Stress Index (ASI). ISSN 2071- 0992. Gonzalez, A., and Ayerbe, L. 2010. Effect of terminal water stress on leaf epicuticular wax barley. Euphytica, 172(3): 341-349.}, keywords = {Oxidative enzyme,Osmolytes,Water stress tolerance,epicuticular wax,Carbohydrate}, title_fa = {تاثیر پاکلوبوترازول بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی دو رقم کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) تحت تنش خشکی}, abstract_fa = {به منظور ارزیابی اثرات پاکلوبوترازول بر دو رقم کنجد (Sesamum indicum) در شرایط تنش خشکی و بررسی واکنش ارقام بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 94-93 در گلخانه واحد آموزشی کردکوی انجام شد. تیمارها شامل ارقام کنجد (یلووایت و اولتان)، سه سطح آبیاری(50،20 و 80 درصد ظرفیت زراعی خاک) و سه غلظت کاربرد پاکلوبوترازول(0، 5/7 و 15 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) بودند. داده‌ها با نرم افزار آماری SAS تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد اثررقم، سطوح آبیاری و پاکلوبوترازول بر صفات وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد، پرولین، موم برگ، کاتالاز برگ و ریشه، نشاسته و کربوهیدرات‌های محلول معنی‌دار شدند. همچنبن غلظت انباشتگی موم کوتیکولی برگ در تنش خشکی شدید و بیشترین غلظت پاکلوبوترازول، 4 برابر آبیاری مطلوب و عدم مصرف پاکلوبوترازول بود. فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز ریشه، کاتالاز برگ و پرولین برگ در 15 میلی گرم پاکلوبوترازول و در تنش آبی شدید به ترتیب 2،9/0 و 4/0 برابر عدم مصرف پاکلوبوترازول و آبیاری مطلوب بود. میزان کربوهیدرات برگ در خشکی شدیدو با بیشترین غلظت پاکلوبوترازول 6/0 برابر آن درشاهد بود. در آبیاری مطلوب با 15 میلی‌گرم پاکلوبوترازول، 3/13 گرم در هر بوته با وزن هزاردانه61/3 نسبت به شاهد بیشترین بودند. همچنین رقم اولتان نسبت به یلووایت به بیشترین غلظت مصرفی پاکلوبوترازول به دلیل تاثیر بر اسمولیت‌ها و آ نزیم کاتالاز، واکنش مثبت نشان دادند.}, keywords_fa = {آنزیم‌های اکسیداتیو,اسمولیت‌ها,تحمل به کم آبی,موم کوتیکولی,کربوهیدرات}, url = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115542.html}, eprint = {https://aj.areeo.ac.ir/article_115542_e21b58d95416cb5b8ac11cb0c4718921.pdf} }